Tuesday, May 29, 2007

Discovery News - Health Food


Pink Grapefruit Juice Most Nutritious

Jennifer Viegas,
Discovery News

May 29, 2007 — Pink grapefruit juice provides more nutrients per calorie than any other 100 percent fruit juice, according to a new study that analyzed several juices commonly found in major U.S. markets.

The pucker-inducing pink drink just edged out orange juice, which also ranked high, but soundly beat white grapefruit, pineapple, prune, grape and apple juices, which rated in that order, with non-citrus juices like apple falling behind high vitamin C content varieties.

Author Gail Rampersaud, a researcher at the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at the University of Florida, told Discovery News that pink grapefruit juice "is an excellent source of vitamin C," providing an entire day’s recommended amount in a single 8-ounce glass.

"It also provides potassium, folate, thiamin and magnesium, as well as certain carotenoids that can be converted into vitamin A in the body," she added. "Pigmented grapefruit juices, such as pink or ruby, also contain lycopene, a carotenoid that gives pigmented grapefruit its rich color."
Carotenoids are color-giving substances found in orange and yellow fruits and vegetables. They are also present in dark green leafy veggies. Prior studies suggest these compounds may help to prevent cancer and other diseases.

For the recent research, Rampersaud focused only on common 100 percent fruit juices. This left out tomato juice, which is primarily marketed as a vegetable juice, and cranberry juice, which most often is sold as cranberry juice "cocktail," with less than 30 percent actual cranberry juice or within a blend of other juices.

Pomegranate, blueberry, cherry and other rich juices also usually come in blends, so they were eliminated for the same reason.

She used six different methods to calculate each juice’s nutrient density, which is defined as either nutrients provided per calorie or the ratio of the amount of a nutrient in foods to the energy provided by these same foods.

One method, for example, involved calculating the average recommended daily value amount for certain known nutrients based on 2,000 kilocalories, or units used to express the energy-producing potential of food. Nutrients included proteins, fats, sugars, numerous vitamins and minerals and other components.

Findings are published in the current issue of the Journal of Food Science.Rampersaud explained that citrus juices ranked high "because they generally have higher amounts of a wider variety of nutrients compared to the other juices included in the analysis, coupled with the fact that the citrus juices are lower in calories."

In recent years, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has urged consumers to focus on nutrient dense foods and beverages to avoid excess calorie intake.
Adam Drewnowski, director of the Center for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington, has conducted several related studies.

He told Discovery News that Rampersaud did "a very impressive job."
Drewnowski added, however, that current nutrient density methodologies do not allow for inclusion of phytochemicals and antioxidants, which are substances that, like carotenoids, may also end health benefits.

Earlier studies have found that very dark juices like pomegranate and blueberry, even in blends, provide high amounts of these compounds.

A food to wash down with all of that juice might be spinach, which Drwenowski said is "the most nutrient dense food," along with broccoli and red peppers, which also provide substantial nutritional bang per calorie buck.

Wednesday, May 23, 2007

Discovery News - Biology

Female Sharks Reproduce Without Dad
Jennifer Viegas,
Discovery News

May 23, 2007 — Virgin births are possible in female sharks, according to a new study that determined a captive female bonnethead shark reproduced without having been near a male in three years.
Since other captive females — including a white spotted bamboo shark — have anecdotally accomplished the same feat, researchers conclude it is likely all shark species possess the ability.
The recent determination, made possible through DNA analysis, actually applies to the birth of a bonnethead shark (of the hammerhead family) that occurred six years ago at the Henry Doorly Zoo in Nebraska.
"It was a big surprise for us," zoo director Lee Simmons told Discovery News.
Simmons added, "We brought in three female bonnetheads on December 15, 1998, and on December 14, 2001, bang! One of them gave birth to an 8-inch-long offspring."
The pup unfortunately died the same day from internal injuries likely caused by a stingray in the same exhibit that munched the wiry infant and then spit it out. Puzzled by the birth, Simmons and his team put the offspring on ice and handed it over to the Guy Harvey Research Institute at Nova Southeastern University.
At this point Simmons said he considered all possibilities, including a delayed pregnancy, which is possible in some insects that can store sperm and then give birth much later.
Mahmood Shivji, director of the institute, and his team collected tissue samples from all of the zoo’s female bonnetheads. DNA analysis, which took several years, identified one female as the mother.
Research on the perished pup found that it had no paternal DNA. Additionally, it possessed half of its mother’s genetic diversity. Combined, the data indicates the mother gave birth through a non-sexual mode of reproduction known as automatic parthenogenesis.
Shivji explained to Discovery News that this process involves the female creating an egg that contains fifty percent of the mother’s genes. It is induced to behave as though it has been fertilized by a tiny, genetically similar cell called a sister polar body.
The resulting offspring therefore is doubly genetically disadvantaged.
"It had no father to provide genetic diversity, and it even lacks its mother’s full genetic makeup," Shivji said.
He speculates that such births can only occur when females do not have access to males, such as in a captive setting, or in the wild when overfishing depletes shark populations.
"We now are concerned, because if conditions prompt asexual reproduction in the wild, the species could be at an evolutionary disadvantage," he said.
While the new research, published in today’s Royal Society Biology Letters, represents a rare, documented case of an asexual birth in a shark, it's already known that certain birds, reptiles and amphibians also possess the ability.
Shivji said it is significant that sharks can now be added to the list, since they are the world’s oldest living vertebrates, a group of backboned animals that also includes humans.
Since humans and mammals lack the ability, he suspects it evolved early on in the vertebrate lineage, but was lost in some groups when they diverged from their common ancestor with sharks about 450 million years ago.

Quien lo diría!

El banano: fruta maravillosa!
Recibido de Arturo Angel

El banano contiene tres tipos de azúcar diferentes: sacarosa, fructuosa y glucosa, además de una buena cantidad de fibra. Es por eso que el banano nos provee con una buena dosis de energía. Las investigaciones demuestran que 2 bananos nos suplen con la energía necesaria para resistir 90 minutos de ejercicios. Por eso los bananos son la fruta preferida de todos los grandes atletas.Pero energía no es lo único que nos ofrece el banano. También ayuda a curar y a prevenir un sinnúmero de enfermedades lo cual lo hace indispensable en cualquier dieta. Veamos:
Depresión: es un hecho que casi todo el mundo se siente mucho mejor después de comerse un banano. Esto es debido a que ellos contienen tryptophan, un tipo de proteína que el cuerpo convierte fácilmente en serotonina, sustancia bien conocida por sus propiedades relajantes y su capacidad de aumentar el buen ánimo.
Síndrome pre-menstrual: la vitamina B6 que contiene el banano regula los niveles de glucosa en la sangre, mejorando por consiguiente el estado de ánimo.
Anemia: por su alto contenido de hierro el banano puede estimular la producción de hemoglobina.
Tensión arterial: por ser elevado su contenido de potasio y bajo su contenido de sal, el banano es un perfecto regulador de la tensión sanguínea. Tanto es así que la FDA le permite a los industriales del banano que presenten a éste como un producto capaz de reducir el riesgo de hipertensión y sus secuelas, como derrames cerebrales, etc.
Potencia cerebral: es bien conocido el efecto sobre el cerebro de estudiantes en período de exámenes que se someten a una dieta controlada de bananos. La investigación muestra que el potasio ayuda en los procesos de aprendizaje.
Estreñimiento: Por ser alto en fibra el banano ayuda a restablecer la acción normal del intestino sin necesidad de recurrir a laxantes.
Guayabos: Una de las formas más eficaces y rápidas de curar un guayabo es tomando sorbete de banano, preparado con leche y endulzado con miel de abejas. El banano calma el estómago y, con la ayuda de la miel, aumenta los niveles de azúcar en la sangre, al tiempo que la leche aplaca y rehidrata todo el sistema.
Acidez gástrica: el banano tiene un efecto antiácido natural y es altamente recomendado en casos de gastritis.
Náusea matutina (en mujeres embarazadas): comer bananos entre comidas ayuda a mantener los niveles de azúcar en la sangre evitando de esa manera las náuseas matinales.
Picaduras de mosquitos: antes de recurrir a los repelentes en barra o en aerosol trate de frotar la piel con la parte interna de la cáscara del banano. Mucha gente encuentra esto sorprendentemente útil para reducir las ronchas y la irritación.
Nervios: El banano es rico en vitamina B que ayuda a calmar el sistema nervioso.
Sobrepeso: La presión a la que uno se somete en el trabajo conduce por lo general a una necesidad de comer cosas tales como barras de chocolate, papas fritas, chips de queso, etc. Para evitar estos comportamientos los expertos sugieren controlar los niveles de azúcar en la sangre comiendo banano cada 2 horas.
Úlceras: El banano se recomienda como ingrediente importante de toda dieta que tenga que ver con desórdenes intestinales debido a su textura y suavidad. Es la única fruta que se puede comer sin temor a sobrepasarse. También se sabe que neutraliza la acidez estomacal y reduce la irritación al recubrir la pared interna del estómago.
Control de temperatura: muchas culturas alrededor del mundo consideran al banano como una fruta refrescante que puede disminuir tanto la temperatura física como la emocional. En Tailandia, por ejemplo, es costumbre que las mujeres en embarazo coman banano para que su hijo se desarrolle a temperaturas moderadas.
Fumadores: El banano puede ayudar a la gente que está tratando de dejar el cigarrillo. Las vitaminas B6 y B12 que contiene, junto con el potasio y el magnesio, ayudan a controlar el síndrome de abstinencia.
Estrés: El potasio es un mineral vital que ayuda a normalizar los latidos del corazón, ayudando a regular la cantidad de oxígeno que le llega al cerebro y el balance del agua corporal. Cuando estamos estresados el metabolismo aumenta y el potasio disminuye, lo cual se puede controlar al ingerir uno que otro banano.
Ataques al corazón: De acuerdo con muchos investigadores el consumo regular de banano puede ayudar a reducir el riesgo de ataques al corazón hasta en un 40%.
Verrugas: Son muchos los que aseguran que las verrugas se pueden combatir con cáscara de banano, aplicada con la ayuda de un esparadrapo con la parte amarilla hacia afuera.
Así pues y así como lo oye: el banano es un remedio natural contra muchas enfermedades. Y comparado, por ejemplo, con la manzana, contiene 4 veces más proteína, 2 veces más carbohidrato, 3 veces más fósforo, 5 veces más hierro y vitamina A y 2 veces más de otras vitaminas y minerales.
También es rico en potasio y sirve hasta para lustrar zapatos! Frote la parte de adentro de la cáscara sobre el calzado. Sáquele brillo con un trapo seco.
Pues sí que el banano es una fruta bien maravillosa!